Swann v. Charlotte - 935 Words

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education Even after the Supreme Court decision in 1954 in the Brown v. Board of Education case, very little had actually been done to desegregate public schools. Brown v. Board of Education ordered the end to separate but equal and the desegregation of public schools; however, the court provided no direction for the implementation of its decision. Authority was pushed to the Attorney Generals of each state to create and submit plans to proceed with desegregation. Southern states were against the court’s decision and many refused to pass any new legislation. Swann sued the Board of Education in Charlotte, North Carolina because of the racial inequality and lack of efforts to desegregate†¦show more content†¦The cases of McNeese v. Board of Education, Green v. Country Board of Education, and United States v. Montgomery Board of Education all provided building blocks for the ruling on this case. (Brannen) Each of those cases pushed farther for the end of segregation and the scheme to fix it. This became a landmark case for the desegregation process for similar cases such as Milliken v. Bradley; that had to deal with large districts and redlining. (Brannen) The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the districts courts opinion and I would have ruled the same. Under the Fourteen Amendment, the Equal Protection Clause states that no person will be denied equal protection under the law. (Harrison) I believe the blatant segregation and lack of attention to fix the problem showed the concern for the inequality of African Americans. The African-American students were not being treated fairly under the law because they were being forced to go to schools built especially to keep them isolated from the other districts. These schools consisted of an almost entirely black population and were given leftover supplies and second-hand materials. (Chen) Due to the lack of authority and speed of the school system, the districts court’s decision was necessary, b ut also revolutionary because it challenged the ruling on one of the most important cases in American history. Although, the precedent from the Brown v. Board case limited the action to the states,Show MoreRelatedSwann V. Charlotte Mecklenburg892 Words   |  4 PagesSamia Ashraf Teaching Professional Section 5 Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg 1) Complete Citation: SWANN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION, 402 U.S. 1 (1971) 2) Parties involved in the case: Plaintiff: Swann Defendant: Board of Education (Charlotte-Mecklenburg) 3) Dates: Argued: October 12, 1970 Decided: April 20, 1971 4) Facts: Since the verdict made by the Supreme Court on the Brown v. Board of Education case, little enactment was made in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina’s school structureRead More The Failure of Integration Essay879 Words   |  4 Pagesof school desegregation, but its too hard, and were tired of it, and we give up.quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It all started with Brown v. Board of Education saying quot;Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.quot; There began a plan to desegregate public schools across America. The first plan was bussing when Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education stated that federal courts could order bussing to desegregate schools. However in most cases bussing became muchRead MoreThe Voting Rights Act Of 1965947 Words   |  4 Pagesbeyond Montgomery and beyond Brown v. Board of Education. He states that ‘according to Robert Norrell, the late 1930s and 1940s revealed not just a few tantalising moments of protest, but a widespread, if not yet mature, struggle to overthrow segregation and institutionalized racism,’ suggesting that the African Americans actually partaking in the movement where more important to the progression of the cause. The Supreme Court ruling on 1971 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, posesRead MoreNotable Supreme Court Cases786 Words   |  3 Pagesthere have been numerous notable court cases. However, none of these would have been possible without Maybury v. Madison. It occurred in 1803, when John Adams decided to appoint several justices at the last minute. Not all of these letters were delivered, and one of the judges, Maybury decided to sue Madison. Madison won, and this court case creates Judicial Review. In 1819, McCullogh v. Maryland took place. McCullogh, a business manager, is taxed twice, once at a state level, and once at a federalRead MoreTo What Extent Has the Roberts Court Witnessed a Revival of Conservative Activism?817 Words   |  4 Pages| Based on 14th Amendment- ended segregation and overturned Plessey vs Fergusson | Baker v. Carr  and  Reynolds v. Sims 1962-4 | Based on the 14th Amendment- asserted the right of all votes to be of equal value- and lead to reapportionment across the USA. | Gideon v. Wainwright,1963   Miranda v. Arizona,  1966 | Right to legal representation and to be informed of rights. The ‘Miranda warning’ |   Engel v. Vitale 1962 | Outlawed school prayer. Based on First Amendment. | Griswold vs ConnecticutRead MoreThe Desegregation Of The United States1633 Words   |  7 PagesIn the 1970’s desegregation was a main concern and differences in the quality of education based on socioeconomic factors became apparent. Brown v. Board of Education deemed it harmful to African Americans to be segregated. Integration of public schools did not happen until Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. The ruling of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education mandated school districts to bus students to different schools so integration would be possible (Wilson). PresidentRead MoreThe Charlotte Mecklenburg School System1187 Words   |  5 PagesBackground: 1. The Charlotte-Mecklenburg school system, which includes the city of Charlotte, North Carolina, had more than 84,000 students in 107 schools in the 1968-1969 school year. Approximately 29% (24,000) of the pupils were Negro, about 14,000 of whom attended 21 schools that were at least 99% Negro. 2. A desegregation plan was approved by the District Court in 1965, at the commencement of this litigation. In 1968, petitioner Swann moved for further relief based on Green v. County School BoardRead MoreThe Brown Decision : A Catalyst For Change Or A Strategic Misstep?1157 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Before Congress and the executive branch acted, courts had virtually no direct effect on ending discrimination in the key fields of education, voting, transportation, accommodation, public places and housing† (71). Rosenberg believes that the Brown v. Board of Education decision did not serve as a catalyst for change in public policy as many who ascribe to the â€Å"Dynamic† view of the Court believe. Rather, he believes the push for change in public policy came from postwar economic conditions, changesRead MoreHistory of Education1006 Words   |  5 Pagesof an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made av ailable to all on equal terms. 1 This ruling, made in the case of Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, KS, effectively overturned a decision made in the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson. For nearly sixty years, it had been considered constitutionally justified to segregate the public education system. The opinion delivered by Chief Justice Warren served as a platformRead MoreNot that Colorblind1636 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ruling of the Supreme Court in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education on April 20, 1971. Although racial segregation in public schools was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, because of racially segregated housing patterns and resistance by local leaders, many schools remained as segregated in the late 1960s as they were at the time of the Brown decision. An example of this was the Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina, system

John Napier’s Mathematical Contributions Essay - 600 Words

In late 1550, John Napier was born to Sir Archibald Napier and Janet Bothwell at Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, Scotland. As John grew up in Merchiston Castle, he was in the constant presence of royalty, as his parents were both part of royalty. His father was Sir Archibald Napier of Merchiston Castle and his mother was Janet Bothwell whom was the daughter of a very influential politician and judge named Francis Bothwell, Lord of Session. Janet Bothwell was also the sister to Adam Bothwell, whom later became the Bishop of Orkney. So with being surrounded with this vast sea of nobility, John Napier did not start his schooling until the age of thirteen, which during this time was customary during this time period. However, John did†¦show more content†¦All that history provides us is a gap of time and the letter reading â€Å"I pray you, sir, to send John to the schools either to France or Flanders, for he can learn no good at home.† And to this extend, you would n ot think that John Napier perused any in new and innovative ideas during his time, because he is not a so called â€Å"big name† as that of Sir Isaac Newton. To this day, John Napier is not one of the names that you learn of as ‘innovative’ throughout basic schooling. However, any math student has seen the work of John Napier. So then apparently this advice was taken and during this gap of time, John Napier studied abroad and learned an abundance of information in the mathematical field. John Napier did not set out to change the world of mathematics; that was not his goal. Napier was very invested in astronomy which led him into mathematics. He merely enjoyed studying mathematics and tinkering with new ideas as this was his greatest hobby. However there were times that John’s greatest hobby took a backseat in his life. He often found it difficult to conduct mathematical works and construct necessary calculations, due to the fact he also studied in th e field of theology. John came to a conclusion one day that there must be a simpler and more efficient way to preform calculations that contained such large numbers, and this became Napier’s new project. Napier spend around twenty year perfecting this project. In the year 1614, JohnShow MoreRelatedContents Introduction 1 Evolution of Logarithmic Concepts 2 John Napier of Merchiston 3 Early1700 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Contents Introduction 1 Evolution of Logarithmic Concepts 2 John Napier of Merchiston 3 Early Life 3 Advances in Mathematics 3 Napier’s Logarithm Table 4 Initial ideas 4 Progression of Arithmetic and Geometric concepts 4 Definition of the Logarithm 4 Approximation of the Logarithm 4 Construction of the table 4 Base of Logarithms 4 Logarithms of Negative Numbers 5 Methodology 5 Controversy 5 Euler’s Take 5 Conclusion 6 References 6 Introduction The contemporary world is full of marvels. TechnologicalRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Logarithm836 Words   |  4 PagesLogarithms The discovery of the logarithm is a great mathematics breakthrough made by John Napier and Joost Burgi. These two mathematicians had different concepts of the logarithms and its present use today. John Napier’s logarithms were published in 1614, while six years later, in 1620, Burgi’s logarithms were published (A REVIEW OF LOGARITHMS 2016). Both Napier and Burgi invented logarithms in order to simplify mathematical calculations. To reach their goals, they used two different methods; Napier usedRead MoreCompilation of Mathematicians and Their Contributions11615 Words   |  47 PagesI. Greek Mathematicians Thales of Miletus Birthdate: 624 B.C. Died: 547-546 B. C. Nationality: Greek Title: Regarded as â€Å"Father of Science† Contributions: * He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry. * Discovery that a circle is  bisected  by its diameter, that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal and that  vertical angles  are equal. * Accredited with foundation of the Ionian school of Mathematics that was a centre of learning and research

Economic Conditions Affecting Investment in the Stock Market

Question: Write about theEconomic Conditions Affecting Investment in the Stock Market. Answer: Investing in the stock market can be a confusing and daunting task for first-time investors. The stock market is a complex market, which involves many fundamental and technical analyses of the market indicators. Securities markets are very volatile and insecure especially to investors who have little knowledge of how it works(Hafer Hein, 2007). The investor has to consider many factors that may affect how the investment will be to avoid losing capital. A number of factors that will affect the investment decision of a first-time investor. In this essay, we shall discuss the economic factors that affect investment decisions regarding the stock market. According to Petroni et al (2013), the economic factors include interest rates, changes in GDP, inflation, unemployment, and foreign exchange rates. Interest Rates This is the most relevant economic factor that affects how investors put their money on stocks. Interest rates are established by the Reserve Bank and individual commercial banks. The rates can have an adverse effect on the stock market because investing in stocks is a form of lending money to the companies(Petroni, et al., 2013). The higher the interest rates, the more expensive it is to borrow money. The increase in the interest rates will lead to the investors requiring higher returns from the stocks since the risk-free rate is now higher. Risk-free investments include investing in government bonds or depositing money in a bank account. This means that the return involved in taking the risk is now higher and higher risk will demand a higher return. Companies, however, are not in a position to manipulate their returns at any particular short notice. Prices of the stocks may drop due to the increase in interest rates. Keeping all other factors constant, the investors may have to buy the stock if they do not mind taking the additional risk involved. Nevertheless, low prices of stock do not mean that the stocks are undervalued(Hafer Hein, 2007). Inflation and Deflation Inflation refers to the rate at which the prices of commodities in an economy increase while deflation is the opposite of inflation involving drops in the costs of commodities. Inflation is caused by changes in the cost of other factors that affect the final price of the commodity. Such factors include costs of manufacturing, transport, and other external factors like the conditions involved in producing the commodity(Abel, et al., 2015). Inflation can have profound effects on the stock market and will influence investment. Low rates of inflation cause investors to sell intensively while high inflation rates will cause investors to assume that companies are holding back on spending. This cause a reduction in revenue. The high prices of commodities together with less revenue will cause the stock market to drop. The same happens in the case of deflation where investors will view deflation as a sign of a weak economy and hence a drop in the stock market(Petroni, et al., 2013). Whenever there is an indication of increasing rates of inflation, the Reserve Bank tries to handle the situation by increasing interest rates in trying to syphon the excess liquidity from the system. By doing this, the Reserve Bank hopes to attract investors to put their money in fixed income instruments. In theory, the less liquid the system is, the less the economy will speculate demand for commodities hence the inflation rate will slow down. Expectations of higher interest rates in the future has a bearish effect on the stock market. Higher interest rates encourage investors to move their cash from stocks to more secure and attractive investments like money market funds. This has the effect of lowering the demand for stocks and hence the prices of shares will as well come down. In addition, stocks are a good investment during times of high inflation. This is because companies can raise prices to counter the rising costs of commodities due to inflation. For instance, when the cost of production increases due to inflation, companies can easily pass the increased costs to consumers by increasing the prices over time. The increase in prices of the companies merchandise means that there is an increase in revenue and earnings. Share prices for these companies will increase as well because of the higher earnings that will lead to a higher valuation. Therefore, the investor should know and take advantage of the changes in inflation and consider the market falls. Stocks are a good way to hedge against inflation in the long term. Foreign Markets Economic trends in other markets around the world impact the local stock market of any country. The world is increasingly becoming smaller because of the internet and advances in communication. This also applies to the financial markets as geographical boundaries are now meaningless and there is an easy flow of information and economic data around the world. A countrys stock market may represent a chunk of the countrys economy (the countrys companies operating within the country and employing the citizens of that country). However, this stock market is faced by a big influence from the rest of the world especially from the performing giants like the US, Japan, China and Australia. The activities in these big economies can have a big sway over the market than that caused by the domestic companies and economic data. When the foreign market is facing difficulty, the domestic companies will not be able to sell as much as their potential can allow. This fall in sales causes, a drop in revenue and these will heavily influence the stock market of any particular economy. Therefore, the investor needs to consider the activities and trends that the international market is taking before investing. Economic Growth Rates Whenever economic growth rates of an economy are mentioned, it often revolves around the GDP. GDP is the total monetary value of economic goods and services produced by an economy over a certain fixed period(Mankiw, 2007). A higher GDP indicates more economic activity and higher growth figures indicates that the economy is healthy and this may lead to better investments because of the expectations that there will be better stocks return. The basis of this theory is that the GDP of an economy is made up of a combination of its consumption, investment, government spending and its exports less the imports(Mankiw, 2007). Any increase in any of these factors is expected to have a positive effect on the sales of companies. Better sales for companies means there will more be earnings recorded and this will translate to higher returns in the stock market. The opposite of this also holds. However, this is not usually the case because the figures do not have a direct relationship. GDP figures are usually from the past to the present while equities are forward-looking. That is, the investors tend to value stocks in terms of its current value and the returns that it will fetch in the future. Nevertheless, this does not mean that there is no relationship between economic growth and investment. Companies require a healthy economy for them to perform well. An economy that is performing badly will provide low profits for companies. This, in turn, will mean lower stock prices for some of the firms. Comparison of the GDP growth of different economies can help the investor to make a decision whether to invest in domestic or foreign markets. Most investors will buy stocks of companies that operate in rapidly growing economies(Hafer Hein, 2007). Therefore, an investor needs to consider the future performance of an economy in making investment decisions. The investor should consider how the GDP is growing to see how the economy is changing so that he can be able to allocate his assets efficiently. Unemployment Similar to the GDP, unemployment rates show how developed and strong an economy is. It indicates the amount of people in the economy who are responsible for the production of the GDP of the economy. The government policy makers and economists use unemployment rates to determine the current state of the economy and predict the future levels of productive activity in the economy. Investors also ought to follow the figures closely and digest potential changes in them because they are critical to an economys health(Petroni, et al., 2013). The relationship between unemployment rates and activity in the stock market is quite straightforward. Lower rates of unemployment indicate more economic activity in the consumers market and hence more revenues for the corporations. More people in employment will ensure a high economic output, increased retail sales, more savings and more profits for the companies. As a result, the stock market always rises or falls depending on the reports on employment. All the factors that we have discussed above have an impact on how an investor will make decisions concerning the stock market. it may not be wise for the investor to make decisions basing on a single factor. This is because, as we can see from the above explanations, most factors are interrelated. In addition, latest data and figures on the GDP, inflation, and unemployment are usually backdated and refer to the past. They do not indicate the current situation in the market while investment is about speculating about the future trends in the market. Past data may not provide these trends but the investor will need them to consider the economic conditions and how the conditions will affect the returns in the future. This way the investor can make decisions that are more informed. References ABEL, A. B., BERNANKE, B., CROUSHORE, D. D. (2015).Macroeconomics. ALTAY, E. (2003).The effect of macroeconomic factors on asset returns: a comparative analysis of the German and the Turkish stock markets in an APT framework. Halle (Saale), Univ., Wirtschaftswiss. Fak. BERNSTEIN, J., BERNSTEIN, E. R. (2002).Stock market strategies that work. New York, McGraw-Hill. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4654781. BIGGS, B. (2014).Biggs on finance, economics, and the stock market: Barton's market chrinicles from the Morgan Stanley years. Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley Sons. 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